【考研英语】同源文详解151期达尔文进化论遭误解_Darwin(考研英语突击一个月能过线吗)

原标题：【考研英语】同源文详解151期：达尔文进化论遭误解

原文期刊：《科学美国人》

原文标题：darwin misunderstood

这篇文章论题为天然科学（进化论理论）。文章环绕一向以来我们对进化论理论中“天然选择”和“适者生计”这两个术语的误解进行谈论，追溯了误解发生的来历，并说明其真实的意义。这篇文章归于观念证明型文章中的驳论文，在驳斥差错观念的一起树立正确的观念。

part 1

原文

ⅰon july 2, 1866, alfred russel wallace, the co-discoverer of natural selection, wrote to charles darwin to mournhow he had been “so repeatedly struck bythe utter inability of numbers of intelligent persons to see clearly or at all, the self acting and necessary effects of natural selection, that i am led to conclude that the term itself and your mode of illustratingit, however clear and beautiful to many of us, are yet not the best adaptedto impress it on the general naturalist public.” the source of the misunderstanding, wallace continued, was the name itself, in that it implies “the constant watching of an intelligent ‘chooser’ like man’s selection to which you so often compare it,” and that “thought and direction are essential to the action of ‘natural selection.’” wallace suggested re-defining the term and adopting herbert spencer’s phrase “survival of the fittest.”

ⅱunfortunately, that is what happened, and it led to two myths about evolution that persisttoday: that there is a predictable directionalityto evolution and that survival depends entirely on cutthroat competitive fitness.

ⅲcontrary to the first myth, natural selection is a deion of a process, not a force. no one is “selecting” organismsfor survival in the benignsense of pigeon breedersselecting for desirable traits in show breedsor for extinction in the malignantsense of nazis selecting prisoners at death camps. natural selection is unpredictable—it cannot look forwardto anticipate what changes are going to be needed for survival.

ⅳnatural selection simply means that those individuals with variationsbetter suited to their environment leave behind more offspring than individuals that are less well adapted. this outcome is known as “differential reproductive success.”it may be, as the second myth holds, that organisms that are bigger, stronger, faster and brutishlycompetitive will reproduce more successfully, but it is just as likely that organisms that are smaller, weaker, slower and socially cooperative will do so as well.

ⅴt

his second notion in particular makes evolution disagreeable for many people, because it covers the theory with darkness reminding us of alfred, lord tennyson’s “nature, red in tooth and claw.” thomas henry huxley, darwin’s “ bulldog” defender, promoted this “ gladiatorial” view of life in a series of popular essays on nature “whereby the strongest, the swiftest, and the cunningestlive to fight another day.” the myth persists. former enron ceo jeff skilling misread biologist richard dawkins’s book the selfish gene to mean that evolution is driven solely by ruthless competition, both between corporations and within enron, leading to his notorious“ rank and yank” employee evaluation system, which resulted in massive layoffs and competitive resentment.

ⅵthis view of life need not have become the dominant one. in 1902 the russian anarchistpetr kropotkin published a denial to huxley and spencer in his book mutual aid. calling outspencer by phrase, kropotkin observed: “if we… ask nature: ‘who are the fittest: those who are continually at war with each other, or those who support one another?’ we at once see that those animals which acquire habits of mutual aid are undoubtedly the fittest.” since that time science has revealed that species practice both mutual struggle and mutual aid. darwinism, properly understood, gives us a dual dispositionof selfishness and selflessness, competitiveness and cooperativeness.

part 2

词汇短语

1.mourn [m?:n] v. 吊唁, 忧伤

2.be struck by 惊奇于……

3.illustrate [??l?stre?t] v. 论说

4.adapted [?’d?pt?d] a. 合适的

5.persist [p??s?st] v. 存留、持续

6.directionality [d??rek??’n?l?t?] n. 方向性

7.organism [??:g?n?z?m] n. 生物体、有机体

8.benign [b??na?n] a. 仁慈的, 温文的

9.breeder [?bri:d?(r)] n. 养殖员

10.breed [bri:d] n. 品种

11.malignant [m??l?gn?nt] a. 凶暴的

12.look forward 向前看

13.variation [?ve?ri?e??n] n. 变异、变种

14.differential reproductive success 不一样繁衍成功

15.brutishly [b’ru:t??l?] ad. 粗野地，严格地

16.bulldog [?b?ld?g] n. 斗牛犬

17.cunning [?k?n??] a. 奸刁的

18.notorious [n???t?:ri?s] a. 臭名远扬的

19.resentment [r??zentm?nt] n. 愤恨，仇恨

20.call out 向（或人）提出应战

21.dual [?dju:?l] a. 两层的

22.disposition [?d?sp??z??n] n. 性格、性格

23.*gladiatorial [?ɡl?d??’t?:r??l] a. 角斗士的

24.*rank and yank 评级与封杀，指的是一种把人分等次的查核准则

25.*anarchist [??n?k?st] n. 无政府主义者

（标*的为超纲词）

part 3

翻译点评

ⅰon july 2, 1866, alfred russel wallace, the co-discoverer of natural selection, wrote to charles darwin to mournhow he had been “so repeatedly struck bythe utter inability of numbers of intelligent persons to see clearly or at all, the self acting and necessary effects of natural selection, that i am led to conclude that the term itself and your mode of illustratingit, however clear and beautiful to many of us, are yet not the best adaptedto impress it on the general naturalist public.” the source of the misunderstanding, wallace continued, was the name itself, in that it implies “the constant watching of an intelligent ‘chooser’ like man’s selection to which you so often compare it,” and that “thought and direction are essential to the action of ‘natural selection.’” wallace suggested re-defining the term and adopting herbert spencer’s phrase “survival of the fittest.”

翻译：1866年7月2日，天然选择的一起发现者阿尔弗莱德·路瑟尔·华莱士在写给查尔斯·达尔文的信中哀叹，他“再三地惊异于许多聪明人都完全无法理解晓得或根柢不晓得天然选择主动自觉且不可以避免的作用，这使得我断定，这个术语本身及你阐释它的方法，不管对咱们中的许多人来说是如何地清楚美丽，仍然不是令一般天然主义群众知道它的最适合的办法。”华莱士持续说道，发生误解的源头就是这一称号本身，因为它暗示了“才智的选择者的长时刻重视，就如你常常拿来作比照的人类选择相同”，它还暗示?伎加敕较蚬赜凇烊谎≡瘛庖恍形苑浅Ｖ匾！被呈恐髡判薅┱庖皇跤铮∮煤詹亍に贡鋈摹笆收呱啤闭飧霰硎觥?br>

点评：ⅰ段追溯进化论两个误解的来历：华莱士主张达尔文将进化论的名字由“天然选择”改为“适者生计”。其间要害词有：①source of misunderstanding(误解的来历)；②natural selection(天然选择)；③survival of the fittest(适者生计)。联接办法 本段要害人物wallace多次复现，观念表述词wrote、continued、suggested步步深化，阐明wallace观念和提议。

ⅱunfortunately, that is what happened, and it led to two myths about evolution that persisttoday: that there is a predictable directionalityto evolution and that survival depends entirely on cutthroat competitive fitness.

翻译：意外的是，实际正是如此（达尔文把“天然选择”改成了“适者生计”），而且这引发了如今仍然持续的关于进化的两个误解：一是进化具有预知方向性；二是生计完全有赖于严格的竞赛习气性。

点评：ⅱ段承受上段，奉告进化论名字的改动致使的两个误解。其间要害词有：two myths(两个误解)。联接办法 ①unfortunately对上述行为进行评价，作者的怅惘清楚明晰：华莱士弄巧成拙，他的提议正本是为了避免误解，成果却构成更深的、一向连续至今的误解；②that回指首段华莱士“改名”的提议，it指代that is what happened,即“已改名”的实际；③predictable directionality和competitive fitness别离对应natural selection和survival of the fittest，提示两个误解的内容。

ⅲcontrary to the first myth, natural selection is a deion of a process, not a force. no one is “selecting” organismsfor survival in the benignsense of pigeon breedersselecting for desirable traits in show breedsor for extinction in the malignantsense of nazis selecting prisoners at death camps. natural selection is unpredictable—it cannot look forwardto anticipate what changes are going to be needed for survival.

翻译：与第一个误解相反，天然选择描绘的是一个进程而非一种掌控力。养鸽人出于善的原意在参加展示的鸽种中选择合意的特征，没有人能像他们那样“选择”生物体的生计；纳粹分子出于凶暴的原意，在去世会集营中选择监犯，也没有人能像他们相同“选择”生物的灭绝。天然选择不可以预知——它无法向前看去猜测生计所需的改动会是啥。

点评：ⅲ段驳斥并解读对“天然选择”之误解。其间要害词有：①first myth(第一个误解)；②process (描绘进程)；③unpredictable(不可以猜测)。联接办法 ①首句中contrary to the first myth标明本段将关于第一种误解进行驳斥；②首句指出“天然选择”描绘的是一种进程，而非一种掌控力，第二句当即从善恶两个方面举例证明，第三句进行总结：天然选择是不可以猜测的（unpredictable）。这一结论与第二段的predictable构成显着比照，完全争辩反驳了第一种误解；③本段中否定意义词contrary to、no one、cannot接连呈现，传达出作者坚决的口气，也从不和体现出第一种误解的荒诞性。

ⅳnatural selection simply means that those individuals with variationsbetter suited to their environment leave behind more offspring than individuals that are less well adapted. this outcome is known as “differential reproductive success.”it may be, as the second myth holds, that organisms that are bigger, stronger, faster and brutishlycompetitive will reproduce more successfully, but it is just as likely that organisms that are smaller, weaker, slower and socially cooperative will do so as well.

翻译：天然选择只是意味着，那些具有更习气环境的变异的个别比不大习气环境的个别留下更多的子孙。这种成果被认为是“不一样繁衍成功”。或许，正如第二个误解所说，更大、更壮、更快及更具粗野竞赛力的生物体将繁衍得更为成功，可是较小、较弱、较慢及更具社会协作性的生物也相同有可以成功繁育。

点评：ⅳ段解读“天然选择”的真实意义。其间要害词有：better suited(更习气环境)。联接办法 ①首句national selection与上段原词复现，坚持了论题的共同性。本段与上段之间为驳论→立论联络：上段指出天然选择“不是片面选择性力气，不可以猜测”，本段阐明天然选择是“更习气环境的生物更能成功繁衍”；②第三句凭仗第二种误解来阐释“天然选择”深层意义，其间it may be, as…与 but it is just as…一方面提示了“天然选择”的真实内容，另一方面也映射了第二种误解的片面性：只偏重“强者成功繁衍”，未看到“弱者也可以成功繁衍”。

ⅴthis second notion in particular makes evolution disagreeable for many people, because it covers the theory with darkness reminding us of alfred, lord tennyson’s “nature, red in tooth and claw.” thomas henry huxley, darwin’s “ bulldog” defender, promoted this “ gladiatorial” view of life in a series of popular essays on nature “whereby the strongest, the swiftest, and the cunningestlive to fight another day.” the myth persists. former enron ceo jeff skilling misread biologist richard dawkins’s book the selfish gene to mean that evolution is driven solely by ruthless competition, both between corporations and within enron, leading to his notorious“ rank and yank” employee evaluation system, which resulted in massive layoffs and competitive resentment.

点评：ⅴ段介绍对“适者生计”的误解：将之平等于“以强凌弱”。其间要害词有：①second notion(第二点)；②competition (竞赛)。联接办法 ①首句的this second notion回答上段末的the second myth，一起与第三段的the first myth遥相照顾，标明本段将关于第二种误解进行驳斥；②前两句引证丁尼生和赫胥黎关于“适者生计”的表述（red in tooth and claw，the strongest, the swiftest, and the cunningest），深深传达出“适者生计”理论中仇视、竞赛、厮杀等“以强凌弱”的思维；③第二句中this “gladiatorial” view of life回指首句中丁尼生的观念；④第三句为过渡句，指出上述理论一向连续至今，第四句当即进行例子，介绍这种理论在实际中构成的损害。

ⅵthis view of life need not have become the dominant one. in 1902 the russian anarchistpetr kropotkin published a denial to huxley and spencer in his book mutual aid. calling outspencer by phrase, kropotkin observed: “if we… ask nature: ‘who are the fittest: those who are continually at war with each other, or those who support one another?’ we at once see that those animals which acquire habits of mutual aid are undoubtedly the fittest.” since that time science has revealed that species practice both mutual struggle and mutual aid. darwinism, properly understood, gives us a dual dispositionof selfishness and selflessness, competitiveness and cooperativeness.

翻译：这种生命观念并不需要变成主导。1902年，俄罗斯无政府主义者彼得·克魯波特金在其《合作》一书中对赫胥黎与斯宾塞进行了驳斥。克魯波特金用言语向斯宾塞应战，他说，“假定咱们……问询天然：‘谁最具习气性：那些彼此之间终年处于战争中的，仍是那些彼此彼此撑持的？’咱们马上可以看出那些具有合作习气的动物无疑是最具习气性的。”自那时起，科学就提示出，物种既进行互斗也进行合作。达尔文进化论，假定正确地了解，赋予了咱们一种自私与忘我、竞赛与协作的两层性格。

点评：ⅵ段树立与“以强凌弱”相反的观念：进化论竞赛和协作的双面性。其间要害词有：①both mutual struggle and mutual aid (既有竞赛也有协作)；②a dual disposition (两层性格)。联接办法 ①首句this view of life回指上段谈论的以强凌弱的观念，旋即指出那样的观念不必定变成主导，为下文提出相反见地做烘托；②continually at war，mutual struggle， selfishness，competitiveness为近义表达，提示进化论竞赛的一面；support one another，mutual aid，selflessness，cooperativeness为近义表达，提示进化论协作的一面。一起两组词互为反义表达，标明晰进化论的双面性。

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