考研英语阅览《经济学人》读译参阅Day1936_in_and_them

原标题：考研英语阅览 | 《经济学人》读译参阅 day1936

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考研英语阅览 | 《经济学人》读译参阅 day1934

考研英语阅览 | 《经济学人》读译参阅 day1935

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text 1936

论文和专利的推翻性越来越弱(上)

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papers and patents are becoming less challenging of orthodoxy.”ideas are like rabbits,” john steinbeck said.”you get a couple and learn how to handle them, and pretty soon you have a dozen.”scientific and technological progress is often viewed in this way.current ideas build on previous ones.and ideas, along with papers and patents, have indeed proliferated in the recent past.yet despite – or perhaps because of – this productivity (papers published and patents issued each year now number in the millions), it has been documented that innovation within specific fields has been in decline.

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论文和专利对正统观念的应战正变得越来越小。约翰·斯坦贝克说：“主意就像兔子。”“一初步你有几个主意，学着如何处置它们，很快你就会有许多主意。”科技前进一般就是这样。其时的主意是树立在早年的主意基础上的。在迩来一段时期，主意以及论文和专利的数量在激增。可是，尽管——或许是因为——产出率很高（如今每年宣告的论文和创造的专利数量以数百万计），但有记载标明，特定领域的立异数量一向鄙人降。

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for example, a paper titled “science in the age of self

ies”, published in 2016, warned of a shifting incentive-and-information landscape in biology, particularly neuroscience, that has diluted the number of high-impact discoveries.michael park and russell funk of the university of minnesota, and erin leahey of the university of arizona, have set out to determine whether this decline holds for science and technology in general.in a study published this week in nature they analyse 45m papers and 3.9m patents published and filed between 1945 and 2010.the measurement they use for this work, known as the cd index, quantifies how “consolidating” or “disruptive” each paper or patent is.a paper is consolidating (a low cd score) if later work citing it also cites the papers that it, itself, cited.

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例如，2016年宣告的一篇题为《自拍年代的科学》的论文警告称，生物学，特别是神经科学中鼓励和信息方法的不断改变，稀释了高影响力发现的数量。明尼苏达大学的迈克尔·帕克和拉塞尔·芬克，以及亚利桑那大学的艾琳·利希，正在研讨高影响力发现的削减是不是发生在整个科学和技能界。在本周宣告在《天然》杂志上的一项研讨中，他们分析了1945年至2010年间宣告和提交的4500万篇论文和390万项专利。他们在这项作业中运用了cd指数作为衡量标准，cd指数可以量化每一篇论文或专利关于已知实际的“深化”或“推翻”程度。称一篇论文深化了其时发现（cd分数低）是指，后来的论文引证这篇论文的一起也引证了这篇论文本身引证的论文。

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discoveries and inventions of this sort – like a patent awarded in 2005 for genetically modified soyabeans – serve to propel science forward along its existing trajectory.by contrast, a paper is disruptive (a high cd score) if it is cited by later work in the absence of citations of its predecessors.a classic example of that was the study published in 1953 by james watson and francis crick on the double-helical structure of dna.high-cd papers disrupt the status quo, fundamentally altering a field’s trajectory or creating a new field altogether.

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这类发现和创造——比方2005年公布转基因大豆的专利——有助于推进科学沿着现有的轨迹向前打开。比较之下，假定一篇论文在没有引证前人的情况下被后来的论文引证，那么它就推翻了其时发现（cd分数高）。一个经典的比方是詹姆斯·沃森和弗朗西斯·克里克在1953年宣告的关于dna双螺旋规划的研讨。cd分数高的论文可以打破现状，从根柢上改动一个领域的轨迹，或许创造一个全新的领域。回来搜狐，查看更多

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