想做什么梦你自己来设计栗之考研精读06_the(我该怎么办才不会这样)
原标题:想做什么梦?你自己来设计 | 栗之考研精读 06
这是 一直夫妇的第 385篇文章
本文 3643 字,预计阅读 9min
01
我的噩梦出现几率很低,但为数不多的几个噩梦让人想起来就害怕。所以,我决定如果下次再做噩梦,一定要试试神经病学家们传授的这个方法。
今天跟大家分享的是一篇 2005 年的考研英语阅读真题,虽然年代看上去古老一些,不过想必不少同学跟我一样,还不知道梦可以亲手创造。我选了其中三段,我们一起来看下。
of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. in dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak a century ago, freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”. and one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “it’s your dream,” says rosalind cartwright, chair of psychology at chicago’s medical center. “if you don’t like it, change it.”
不同时期人们对于「梦」的产生机制理解不同,作者按照时间顺序,分别介绍了世纪前、上世纪 70 年代这两个观点,目的在于引出现在科学家们对于「梦」的新看法。那就是梦和情绪之间存在联系,我们可以亲手改造自己的梦。
the link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in cartwright’s clinic most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events — until, it appears, we begin to dream.
and this process need not be left to the unconscious. cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. as soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. with much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
接下来的这两段分别阐述了现代研究的这两个观点。
02
① of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. ② in dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.
要想有个好睡眠,还记得 ted 的嘱咐吗?不记得的看这里:缺觉的人,大脑会堆满垃圾 | 栗之 ted 精听 06
规律作息+适宜的温度,有助于提升我们的睡眠质量,不过除了这两条外,还有不少其他因素会影响我们的睡眠,拿我来说,我的睡眠守则的其中一条是:不能有光!
另外,梦的多少、好坏程度也会影响睡眠。不过,不能有光,带上眼罩,或者蒙上衣服就能办到,要想控制梦,对我来说那可就太难了,作者也提到 dreams seem to be least within our control.
component不仅可以指具体的「部分」,比如(机器、系统等的)零件,也可以指抽象的「部分」,很适合用在写作中。
exercise is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle.
锻炼身体是健康生活方式的重要组成部分之一。
在句中,dreams 就是好睡眠必不可少的 component。
对应的动词是 compose,经常构成这样一个结构 be composed of,表示「由……组成」。
water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
水由氢和氧组成。
within our control是指「在我们控制之中」,加上个 least呢?那就变成否定意味了,「最不受控制的」。
suspend是「暂停,中止」的意思,我知道你们现在最想的是暂停学习,等你们考研或者期末考试结束,就可以休息一下了,不过不能完全中止啦,还有复试呢。
suspend/s??spend/
英文释义:to officially stop something from continuing, especially for a short time 暂停,中止
sales of the drug will be suspended until more tests are completed.
这种药品在完成进一步检验之前将暂停销售。
整句译文:在形成高质量睡眠的所有因素中,梦似乎是最不受我们控制的。在梦中,有一扇窗户通向另一个世界中,在这里,逻辑暂时失效,死者也能开口说话。
③ a century ago, freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.
语法
这句比较长,我们来分析下语法,把主干找出来。在本句中,分号连接了两个分句。分号前的部分,that dreams were… 作 theory 的同位语,所以句子主干是 freud formulated his revolutionary theory。分号后的句子主干则是 neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” ,分别介绍了弗洛伊德和二十世纪七十年代的neurologist 神经病学家们关于「梦」的主张。
formulate这个词可以很大,比如我们可以说 formulate a theory创立一套理论,formulate a policy制定一套政策,也可以很小,制定一个计划 也可以用上 formulate,formulate a plan。
unconscious和这一段后面出现的 conscious互为反义词,前者指「无意识的」,后者指「有意识的」,这对单词出现频率很高。
unconscious既可以指「身体」无知觉的,不省人事的,也可以指「感觉或想法」无意识的,未意识到的。
unconscious/?n?k?n??s/
英文释义:unable to see, move, feel etc in the normal way because you are not conscious不省人事的,失去知觉的
she was knocked unconscious.
她被打昏了。
英文释义:a feeling or thought that is unconscious is one that you have without realizing it(感觉或想法)无意识的,未意识到的
an unconscious need to be loved
潜意识中被爱的需求
switch表示「转换;改变」,如果你关注我的时间足够久,或者偷偷翻过我之前的历史文章,就会知道之前我讲过一本书,它的名字就是 switch,中文译名是《瞬变》,非常推荐大家阅读(我又推荐书啦)。
这个单词的含义非常丰富,除了动词外,还可以作名词使用。
she made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her first child was born.
第一个孩子出生后她就从全职工作改为兼职工作。(很多女生不得不面临的选择,叹气)
byproduct副产品
整句译文:一个世纪前,弗洛伊德创立了一套革命性理论,他认为梦是人们潜意识中的欲望和恐惧经过伪装后的投影。而在上世纪 70 年代,神经病学家们转而认为梦只是「精神噪音」,即神经修复活动在睡眠期间产生的随机副产品。
④ now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”.
suspect 作为动词,表示「怀疑」,这个意思想必大家都比较熟悉了,不过在这里表示「推测;猜想」,和 suppose, speculate 等单词的含义类似。
在《唐顿》第一季第五集中,大表哥说自己被邀请参加唐顿的晚宴,但他 suspect 认为自己是来凑数的,平衡下男女比例,因为单身汉太紧俏了。
thermostat是「恒温器;温度自动调节器」的意思,对我来说,这是一个新词。讲这个单词不是因为它重要,而是想告诉大家:在阅读中遇到生词太正常了,不要因为遇到生词就慌。
我们可以根据上下文语境猜这个单词的大致意思,如果猜不出来,那就绕过它呗,反正还有很多你认识的单词可以 到你。
on-line是「在线」,那么,off-line自然就是「离线」咯。作者把大脑比成计算机,用 off-line表示做梦时,大脑不再像白天时那么清醒,是一种诙谐的说法。
整句译文:现在,研究人员们推测,梦是大脑情绪调节系统的组成部分,在大脑处于「离线」状态时,梦可以调节情绪。
⑤ and one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. ⑥ “it’s your dream,” says rosalind cartwright, chair of psychology at chicago’s medical center. “if you don’t like it, change it.”
harness作名词表示「马具」,用作动词时,表示 to control and use the force or strength of sth to produce power or to achieve sth 控制,利用(以产生能量等)
we must harness the skill and creativity of our workforce.
我们必须尽量发挥全体职工的技能和创造力。
这里的 chair不是「椅子」,而是大学的「系主任」,也可以指「教授」。在原文没有更明确信息的情况下,任选一个即可。
he holds the chair of philosophy at oxford.
他是牛津大学哲学系的系主任。
a new chair of medicine
一位新任医学教授
整句译文:另外,一位著名权威人士认为,梦这种强烈的精神活动不仅可以被我们驾驭,还可以有意识地对其加以控制, 助我们睡得更好,感觉更棒。芝加哥医疗中心的心理学主任罗莎琳德 · 卡特莱特说,「梦是你的,如果你不喜欢,那就自己换一个。」
① the link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in cartwright’s clinic.
show up在文中的意思是 to be easy to see or notice 「显露,显现出来」
use a light colour which will show up on a dark background.
使用浅颜色,这样在深色背景上会比较显眼。
除此之外,这个词组还可以表示 to arrive where you have arranged to meet sb or do sth 「如约赶到;出现」 。
it was getting late when she finally showed up.
天色已晚,她终于赶到了。
整句译文:梦和情绪的联系在卡特莱特诊所的病人们身上显现出来。
② most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
这一段的第二句比较长,主干其实很短,most people seem to have more bad dreams,后面的两个分词结构都是状语,可以先略去不看。大意是说:人们晚上在入睡的早期阶段容易做噩梦,不过随着时间推移,梦会朝着美好的方向发展。
整句译文:多数人在入睡的早期阶段噩梦较多,在睡醒之前的阶段,梦会变得美好起来,这说明梦在 我们消化白天产生的负面情绪。
③ because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events — until, it appears, we begin to dream.
occupy表示「占据;占用」,occupied是它的形容词。如果我们表示「忙于做某事」,就可以用 be occupied with sth,可以替换 be busy with sth.
she’s fully occupied with work.
工作使她忙得不可开交。
整句译文:清醒时,我们的头脑被日常琐事占据,因此并不总是能想到白天所发生的事情对情绪的影响。直到我们身处梦中时,这些影响开始浮现。
① and this process need not be left to the unconscious. ② cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.
又遇到 control了,相关的表述在文章中出现了多次,我们一起来回顾一下。
within one’s control 表示「在……控制之中」;
be brought under control 表示「被控制」;
exercise control 表示「进行控制」。
recur
英文释义:if some-thing, espe
cially something bad or unpleasant, recurs, it happens again(尤指坏事或令人不快的事)再次发生;重演
recurring dream / nightmare
反复出现的梦境/噩梦
整句译文:这个过程不一定是无意识的。c 认为人们可以有意识地控制噩梦的反复发生。
③ as soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. ④ visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. ⑤ with much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
awaken和第四句的wake up 意思相同,英语语言的使用有个很突出的特点,那就是尽量不使用同一个词汇表达相同的意思。
比如,前几天我在微博分享了一篇讲《校园婚礼》的文章,作者除了用 alumni表示「校友」,也会用 those affiliated with the school。
知道这个特点对于大家理解文章会很有 助,对做题也是。我跟秦驿讲这个特点时,秦驿反驳认为汉语也是这样,但,我成功驳倒他了,具体情况我后续会专门写文章。
visualize是 visual 的动词形式,了解 visual basic 语言的同学肯定不需要我介绍了。
visualize /?v??u?la?z/
英文释义:to form a picture of someone or something in your mind设想,想象
同近义替换:imagine
i tried to visualize the house while he was describing it.
我一边听他描述,一边想象那房子的样子。
整句译文:一旦你惊醒,立刻跟自己确认梦中发生了什么事,让你心神意乱。想象一下你希望以什么样的梦境结束,下一次再做同样的梦时,尝试及时醒来,控制梦的进程。多加练习,我们就能在睡梦中学会。
神经病学家
秦驿和栗之
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