考研真题笔记翻译硕士《357英语翻译基础》(考研英语真题在线翻译)

第1章 词语翻译
缩略语
专有名词
术语
网络热词

第2章 英汉翻译
政治经济类
一、英汉翻译
practice 1
wealth,

as mr. hobbes says, is power. but the person who either acquires, or succeeds to a great fortune, does notnecessarily acquire or succeed to any political power,either civil or military. his fortune may, perhaps, afford him the meansof acquiring both,but the mere possession of that fortune does not necessarily convey to him either. the power which thatpossession immediately and directly conveys to him, is the power of purchasing; a certain command over all the labor,or overall the produce of labor which is then in the market. his fortune is greater or less,precisely in proportion to the extent of thispower; or to the quantity either of other mens labor,which itenables him to purchase or command. the exchangeable value of every thing must always be precisely equal to the extent ofthis power which it conveys to its owner.
but though labor be the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities, it is not that by which their value iscommonly estimated. it is often difficult to ascertain the proportion between two different quantities of labor. the time spent intwo different sorts of work will not always alone determine this proportion. the different degrees of hardship endured, and ofingenuity exercised,must likewise be taken into account. there may be more labor in an hours industry at anordinary and obvious employment. but it is not easy to find any accurate measure either of hardship or ingenuity.inexchanging indeed the different productions of different sorts of labor for one another,some allowance is commonly made forboth. it is adjusted, however, not by any accurate measure, but by the higgling and bargaining of the market, according to thatsort of rough equality which thought not exact, is sufficient for carrying on the business of common life.
【参阅译文】
霍布斯说：财富就是权力。但获得或继承大宗工业的人，未必就获得或继承了民政上或军政上的政治权力。他的工业，或答应以供给他一种获得政权的办法，但单有工业未必就能给他政权。工业对他直接供给的权力，是收购才能，是关于其时商场上各种劳作或各种劳作出产品的分配权。他的工业的巨细与这种分配权的巨细恰成比例，换言之，工业的巨细，与他所能收购或所能分配的别人劳作量或别人劳作出产品数量的巨细恰成比例。一种物品的交流价值，必定恰等于这物品对其一切者所供给的劳作分配权。
劳作虽是悉数产品交流价值的真实标准，但悉数产品的价值，一般不是按劳作估定的。要断定两个不一样的劳作量的比例，一般很困难。两种不一样作业所费去的时刻，一般不是抉择这比例的仅有要素，它们的不一样困难程度和精巧程度，也须加以思考。一个钟头的困难作业，比一个钟头的简略作业，或许包富含更多劳作量；需要十年学习的作业做一小时，比一般事务做一月所含劳作量也可以较多。可是，困难程度和精巧程度的精确标准不简略找到。当然，在交流不一样劳作的不一样出产品时，一般都在必定程度上，思考到上述困难程度和精巧程度，但在进行这种交流时，不是按任何精确标准来作调整，而是经过商场上议价来作大体上两不相亏的调整。这虽不很精确，但对往常生意也就够了。

practice 2
prices have fallen in the food business because of advances in food production and distribution technology. consumershave benefited greatly from those advances. people who predicted that the world would run out of food were wrong. we areproducing more and more food with less and less capital. food is therefore more plentiful and cheaper than it has ever been.spending on food compared with other goods has fallen for many years, and continues to drop.
supermarkets have helped push down prices mainly because of their scale. like any big business, they can invest in itsystems that make them efficient.and their size allows them to buy in bulk. as supermarkets get bigger,the prices get lower.
huge retail companies such as wal-mart have tremendous power and they can put pressure on producers to cut theirmargins. as a result, some producers have had to make cuts. in recent years, unilever has cut its workforce by 33,000 to245,000 and dropped lots of its minor brands as part of its “path to growth” strategy. cadbury has shut nearly 20 per cent of its133 factories and cut 10 per cent of its 55,000 global workforce. these cuts help keep costs down, and the price of food stayslow.
does cheap food make people unhealthy? cheap food may encourage people to eat more. food companies certainly thinkthat giving people more food for their money makes them buy more. giving people bigger portions is an easy way of makingthem feel they have got a better deal. that is why portions have got larger and larger. in america,soft drinks came in 8oz(225g) cans in the past, then 12oz (350g), and now come in 20oz (550g) cans. if a company can sell you an 8oz portion for $ 7,they can sell you a 12oz portion for $ 8. the only extra cost to the company is the food, which probably costs 25 cents.
now companies are under pressure to stop selling bigger portions for less money. but it is hard to change the trend.
【参阅译文】
因为食物出产技能和分销技能的前进，食物价格现已降低。花费者从中获益很大。猜测食物会用光的我们是差错的。咱们正在用越来越少的本钱出产越来越多的食物。食物因而也比早年愈加丰厚廉价。和其他的产品比，花在食物上的钱多年来一向降低，并将持续降低。
超市因为其规划推进了价格降低。和其他商业相同，他们可以使用it技能前进功率。其规划完成了大批量收购。跟着超市变大，价格也变得更低。
像沃尔玛这样的大零售商凭仗健壮的力气，给出产商施加压力来削减获利。因而，出产商不得不降价。近几年，联合利华现已裁员33000至245000人。为了战略打开还砍掉了许多奶名牌。cadbury关闭了133家工厂中的20％，全球职工55000中裁掉了10％。这些裁员都有助于降低价格，所以食物价格居低不上。
廉价的食物不安康吗？廉价食物可以鼓舞我们吃的更多。食物公司当然认为，顾客花钱可以买到更多的食物，当然还会买更多。份量大可以让顾客感触得了廉价，这就是为啥分量越来越大的缘由。在美国，软饮料曩昔是225克装，然后是350克装，如今是550克。假定225克装的卖7美元，他们就会给350克装的定价8美元。关于公司来说，额定本钱只是是可以只值25美分的食物。如今公司不得不以价换量，但这种趋势很难改动。

文明文学类
抢手日子类
法令糠煜多
科技环保类

第3章 汉英翻译
政治经济类
文明文学类
抢手日子类
法令糠煜多
科技环保类