【考研英语】同源文详解168期当新研讨指出科学的差错时,不要忽略它(考研英语)

【行文条理】提出疑问（第一至二段）——分析缘由（第二至三段）——提出处置方案（第四段）——得出结论（第五段）

ⅱbut modern science has moved away from this model. although early experimenters in physics and chemistry generally had to build oneapparatusto test each hypothesis, modern researchers gather large amounts of data andruna large number of testsonit. that increases the chance that the researchers will find false correlations, especially if they choose which tests to perform based on the results of previous tests.

ⅲin other words, the mass production oftestablehypotheses in modern science makes it very likely that large numbers of false results will gain wide acceptance in the media. the fundamental problem is that scientific journals are too focused onnovelideas.in a recent case, some scientists found a gene called 5-httlpr that they claimed influenceddepression, but even as failedreplicationeffortspiled up, other scientists were getting published and winningacclaimfor findingcorrelationsbetween that gene and all sorts of other socialoutcomes.the novel findings got more attention than the skepticalfollow-ups.

ⅳfor science to reform itself, this needs to change. efforts toreplicateold research needs tobe givenjust as muchpriority, attention and journal publication as claims oforiginalfindings.the old model of science — a single research team discovering a new phenomenon with a single brilliant experiment — needs togive way tothe idea of science as a vastcollectiveeffort, with researcherscheckingand double-checking each other’s results and methods.and the media,for its part, needs torestrainits impulse tobroadcastt

he latest hot result, and wait for apredominanceof evidence to pile up.

ⅴif changes like these are not made, scientists will find themselves facing amountingcrisis ofcredibilityand respectability, asfindingafter findingturns out tohave been anillusion. that in turn will make the public lessresponsiveto science when it really matters, such as with climate change. for science toretainitsairof professionalism and authority, there must be more emphasis on replication.

【翻译】：传统上，我们认为科学打破就是创始性的实验，经过这些实验可以清楚提示重要的科学真理。年青学生们学习了许多这类打破——断定电子电荷的油滴实验，发现光总以常速运转的迈克尔逊-莫雷实验，以及其他实验。最常用的查验旨在进行一项实验，验证一种假设。

【点评】：第一段介绍传统科研方法：经过实验一次验证一种假设。
首要逻辑联接：首句介绍传统科学打破经过实验获得。第二句举例阐明首句。第三句递进，介绍传统实验的特征——一个实验验证一种假设。

中心要害词：①pioneering experiments（创始性的实验）。

ⅱbut modern science has moved away from this model. although early experimenters in physics and chemistry generally had to build oneapparatusto test each hypothesis, modern researchers gather large amounts of data andruna large number of testsonit. that increases the chance that the researchers will find false correlations, especially if they choose which tests to perform based on the results of previous tests.

【翻译】：可是现代科学现已违背这种方法。尽管物理学和化学的前期实验一般有必要缔造一个仪器来验证每个假设，但现代研讨员却是搜集很大都据并对其进行多次查验。这加大了研讨员发现差错相关的机率，根据早年的查验成果来选择进行哪些查验时特别如此。

【点评】：第二段介绍现代科研方法：对数据进行许多查验；并指出这种研讨方法易得出差错结论。
首要逻辑联接：首句归纳现代研讨方法与传统不一样。第二句递进，指出二者具体差异：传统科研重仪器查验，现代科研偏重数据查验。第三句指呈现代科研偏重数据的坏处：一环错、环环错，差错机率增大。

中心要害词：①moved away from this model（违背这种方法）。

ⅲin other words, the mass production oftestablehypotheses in modern science makes it very likely that large numbers of false results will gain wide acceptance in the media. the fundamental problem is that scientific journals are too focused onnovelideas.in a recent case, some scientists found a gene called 5-httlpr that they claimed influenceddepression, but even as failedreplicationeffortspiled up, other scientists were getting published and winningacclaimfor findingcorrelationsbetween that gene and all sorts of other socialoutcomes.the novel findings got more attention than the skepticalfollow-ups.

【长难句分析】
in a recent case, some scientists found a gene called 5-httlpr that they claimed influenced depression, but even as failed replication efforts piled up, other scientists were getting published and winning acclaim for finding correlations between that gene and all sorts of other social outcomes.

分析：本句为并排连词but联接的并排句。第一个并排分句骨干为some scientists found a gene，called 5-hitlpr为曩昔分词短语做后置定语，润饰gene；that they…depression为定语从句，润饰gene，从句中they claimed为刺进语，引导词that在从句中做主语，指代gene。but后第二个并排分句骨干为other scientists were …acclaim，even as…up为让步状语从句，for finding correlations between…outcomes为介词短语，在句中做缘由状语。

【翻译】：换句?担执蒲е锌裳橹ぜ偕璧拇笈砍霾芸芍率故剐矶嗖畲沓晒竦妹教宓墓惴喝峡伞８芤晌试谟诳蒲Э锕谥厥颖鹬轮饕狻Ｔ阱抢匆桓霰确街校恍┛蒲Ъ曳⑾至艘恢殖莆?-hitlpr的基因，他们声称这种基因可以影响抑郁症，可是即便仿制该实验的测验接连失利，其他科学家仍然凭仗发现该基因和其他各种社会成果间的相关宣告了作品、获得了高度赞扬。别致的发现比后续的置疑获得的重视更多。

【点评】：第三段总结现代科学研讨的坏处，并指出根柢缘由在于科学期刊过度重视别致性。
首要逻辑联接：首句总结现代科学研讨的坏处：因为可验证假设大批量发生，差错成果被广泛承受的可以性增大。第二句指出根柢缘由在于科学期刊过度重视研讨的别致性。第三句选用例子法，以对5-hitlpr基因的研讨为例阐明第二句。第四句递进，回指第二句，阐明科学期刊的疑问：别致的发现比后续的验证更受重视。

中心要害词：①scientific journals are too focused on novel ideas（科学刊物过于重视别致主意）。

ⅳfor science to reform itself, this needs to change. efforts toreplicateold research needs tobe givenjust as muchpriority, attention and journal publication as claims oforiginalfindings.the old model of science — a single research team discovering a new phenomenon with a single brilliant experiment — needs togive way tothe idea of science as a vastcollectiveeffort, with researcherscheckingand double-checking each other’s results and methods.and the media,for its part, needs torestrainits impulse tobroadcastthe latest hot result, and wait for apredominanceof evidence to pile up.

【长难句分析】
the old model of science — a single research team discovering a new phenomenon with a single brilliant experiment — needs to give way to the idea of science as a vast collective effort, with researchers checking and double-checking each other’s results and methods.

分析：本句骨干为“the old model of science needs to give way to the idea of science”。破折号内a single research team…experiment为刺进语，说明阐明old model的内容，discovering…experiment为如今分词短语做后置定语，润饰team。介词短语as a vast collective effort为science的补语，对science进行弥补阐明，with researchers checking and double-checking…methods为伴随状语，对a vast collective effort进行说明阐明。

【翻译】：为了科学自立变革，这种情况需要改动。仿制旧有研讨的尽力须被给予和创始研讨的声明平等的优先思考、重视和期刊宣告机缘。科学的旧方法——一个团队经过一项超卓的实验发现一个新表象——须让位于这样一种观点，即将科学看做许多人员的一起尽力，研讨员不断查验彼此的研讨结论和研讨办法。就媒体而言，须抑制宣告最新抢手研讨成果的激动，等候研讨根据堆集得满足多。

【点评】：第四段，关于第三段指出的科学期刊过于重视别致性的局势，提出处置主张，偏重仿制研讨的重要性。
首要逻辑联接：首句承受上文，归纳指出须改动科学期刊过度重视新主意的现状。第二至四句别离从出书、研讨方法与媒体评价三方面分述如何进行改动。第二句向科学期刊提出主张，指出期刊应平等注重仿制研讨。第三句从研讨方法提出主张，指出应从传统的单一实验验证，改动为许多研讨员对研讨办法和结论的重复验证，暗示仿制研讨的合理性与必要性。第四句向媒体提出主张，指 表科学发现须等候根据不断堆集，再次暗示仿制研讨的重要性。

中心要害词：①replicate old research（仿制旧有研讨）。

ⅴif changes like these are not made, scientists will find themselves facing amountingcrisis ofcredibilityand respectability, asfindingafter findingturns out tohave been anillusion. that in turn will make the public lessresponsiveto science when it really matters, such as with climate change. for science toretainitsairof professionalism and authority, there must be more emphasis on replication.

【翻译】：假定不能做出此类改动，跟着一项又一项科学发现被证明是假象，科学家会发现自个面临着愈发严峻的信赖和尊敬危机。这相应地会致使大众在面临真实重要的科学发现时反应不可活泼，正如面临气候改变相同。为使科学坚持其专业和声威的形象，有必要愈加剧视仿制研讨。

【点评】：第五段得出结论，重申进行改造、前进研讨精确性的必要性。
首要逻辑联接：前两句不和证明，指出不进行改造的严峻成果，然后偏重进行改造的必要性。第三句重申作者观念，指出须注重仿制性研讨，以维护科学的专业和声威。

中心要害词：①a mounting crisis of credibility and responsibility（愈发严峻的信赖和尊敬危机）；②more emphasis on replication（愈加剧视仿制研讨）。

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