2021年考研英语二阅读理解A解析(西安新东方)

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　　二、阅读理解 a 部分:

　　text 1

　　reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a
requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not
get left behind.we know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand
will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. research
by the world economic forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the “core
skills” within job roles will change by 2022. that is a very short timeline.

　　the question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. for
individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills
are no longer demand and replace them with those whose skills are. that does not
always happen. at&t is often given as the gold standard of a company who
decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire
strategy.other companies including amazon and disney had also pledged to create
their own plans. when the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the
focus usually turns to government to handle. efforts in canada and elsewhere
have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we
frequently hear of employers begging for workers even at times and in regions
where unemployment is high.

　　with the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. in february, at 3.5
per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in canada and the
united states were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. as
of may, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and
although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. in the
medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were
still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.

　　of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him
to be a doctor in a few weeks, no matter who pays for it. but even if you cannot
close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit
of all concerned. that seems to be the case in sweden: when forced to furlough
90 percent of their cabin staff. scandinavian airline decided to start up a
short retaining program that reskilled the laid -off workers to support hospital
staff. the effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a
swedish university.

　　21. research by the world economic forum suggests____

　　a. an increase in full-time employment

　　b. an urgent demand for new job skills

　　c. a steady growth of job opportunities

　　d. a controversy about the “core skills”

　　22. at&t is cited to show____

　　a. an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy

　　b. an immediate need for government support

　　c. the importance of staff appraisal standards

　　d. the characteristics of reskilling programs

　　23. efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in canada____

　　a. have driven up labour costs

　　b. have proved to be inconsistent

　　c. have met with fierce opposition

　　d. have appeared to be insufficient

　　24. we can learn from paragraph 3 that there was ____

　　a. a call for policy adjustment.

　　b. a change in hiring practices.

　　c. a lack of medical workers.

　　d. a sign of economic recovery.

　　25. scandinavian airlines decided to____

　　a. great job vacancies for the unemployed.

　　b. prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs.

　　c. retrain their cabin staff for better services.

　　d. finance their staff’ s college education.

　　【正确答案】21. b 22. a 23. d 24. c 25. b

　　【解析】

　　21.根据题干实词“research by the world economic
forum”定位到原文第2段第1句，解题范围即整个第二段。研究发现“on average 42 per cent of the “core skill”
within job roles will change by
2022”即与工作职责范围内的核心技能到2022年将会改变。说明迫切需要新的工作技能，故答案b正确。选项d中“controversy 争论”和选项a,
c均未出现。

　　22. 根据题干实词“at&t is cited
to”可知是一道例证题，并定位到原文第3段第4句，解题范围即第3段第3句，由于that指代，则解题范围是第3段2-3句。2-3句说明:对于私人公司而言，诱惑是让技能不符合需要的员工离开再替换成满足需求技能的员工。但这件事并不总会发生。这与选项a中的“fire-and-hire
strategy
开除与雇佣策略”吻合。3句的否定转折也对应题干中提及的“at&t”是一种替代品，故答案选a。选项b的政府支持没有体现;选项c的员工评估标准与原文黄金标准不一致;选项d的特点特征未出现。

　　23. 根据题干实词“efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in
canada”定位到原文第3段第6句，解题范围即第3段第6和7句。第7句说明“efforts have been arguably languid
这些努力被认为是懒散的”，即这些努力是不充分的，故答案选d。其它选项均未出现。

　　24. 根据题干实词“paragraph
4”可知是一道段落题，因此重点看第3段的首尾句。首句说明:在这种“流行病”趋势里，失业的确很高。没有出现选项对此呼应。尾句表明:在医学世界中，举一个明显的例子，“流行病”意味着仍然缺少医生。护士和其他医疗人员，即选项c缺少医疗人员。

　　25. 由于文章内容不全，最后一题未能解析，请谅解。

　　text 2

　　with the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050,
and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly
double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. in the uk,
it has become a big talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason:
brexit.

　　brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards
the uk importing food. the country produces only about 60 per cent of the food
it eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. a move back to
self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political
sovereignty and even the nations health. sounds great- but how feasible is this
vision?

　　according to a report on uk food production from the university of leeds,
uk, 85 percent of the country’s total land area is associated with meat and
dairy production. that supplies 80 percent of what is consumed, so even covering
the whole country in livestock farms wouldn’t allow us to cover all our meat and
dairy needs.

　　there are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. to
become much more self-sufficient, the uk would need to drastically reduce its
consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively—meaning
fewer green fields and more factory-style production.

　　but switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn’t help. there is a good
reason why the uk is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn’t
have the right soil or climate to grow crops on commercial basis. just 25 per
cent of the country’s land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is
already occupied by arable fields. even if we converted all the suitable land to
fields of fruit and veg— which would involve taking out all the nature
reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes—we would achieve only
a 30 percent boost in crop production.

　　just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the uk are
currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only
30 per cent of our fresh produce needs. that is before we look for the space to
grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of
our current calorie intake.

　　26. some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the uk would____.

　　a. a be hindered by its population growth

　　b. contribute to the nations well-being

　　c. become a priority of the government

　　d. post a challenge to its farming industry

　　27. the report by the university of leeds showed that in the uk

　　a. farmland has been inefficiently utilised

　　b. factory style production needs reforming

　　c. most land is used for meat and dairy production

　　d. more green fields will be converted for farming

　　28. crop-growing in the uk is restricted due to ____.

　　a. its farming technology

　　b. its dietary tradition

　　c. its natural conditions

　　d. its commercial interests

　　29. it can be learned from the last paragraph that british people____.

　　a. rely largely on imports for fresh produce

　　b. enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption

　　c. are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake

　　d. are trying to grow new varieties of grains

　　30. the author’s attitude to food self-efficiency in the uk is ____.

　　a. defensive

　　b. doubtful

　　c. tolerant

　　d. optimistic

　　【正确答案】26. d26.b27.c 28.c 29. a30. b

　　【解析】

　　26. 根据题干实词“some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the
uk”定位到原文第2段第3句，解题范围即第3段第2-3句。但此题争议较大，目前未能统一答案，未能解析，请谅解。

　　27. 根据题干实词“report by the university of leeds & in the
uk”定位到原文第3段第1句，解题范围即整个第3段。首句表明:英国85%的总国土与肉制品和奶制品生产相关，即选项c大部分用来生产肉制品和奶制品。选项a
否定不一致排除;选项b工厂生产风格未出现;选项d“green fields”出现在第4段，偏离定位排除。

　　28.

　　29. 根据题干实词“crop-growing in the uk is restricted due
to”定位到原文第5段第2句，解题范围即整个第5段第2句，特殊标点符号冒号之后。原文说明:大部分的国土没有合适的土地和气候来种植商品庄稼。核心词:土壤和气候，表明是缺乏自然条件，即选项c。

　　30. 根据题干实词“last paragraph & british
people”定位到原文尾段第1句，首句说明:在英国只有23%的水果和蔬菜消费是本国生产的，即使采用了极端措施，国内的新鲜产品生产也只能满足国内30%的消费需要。因此，选项a新鲜产品大量依赖进口，最为贴切。选项b“上升”未出现;选项c
“减少”未出现;选项d“种植新粮食品种”未出现。

　　31. 根据题干实词“author’s attitude to food self-efficiency in the
uk”可知是一道态度题，且food self-efficiency in the
uk是本文主旨，因此应该浏览文章各个段落首句和尾段尾句，寻找情感态度。可根据第2段尾句发现:“sounds great- but how feasible is
this vision?(听上去很好—但是这个观点有多可行呢?)”作者对于英国实物自给自足的可行性抱有怀疑。特殊标点符号问号起到提示作用。

　　text 3

　　when microsoft bought task management app wunerlist and mobile calendar
sunrise in 2015, it picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable
buzz in silicon valley. microsoft’ s own office dominates the market for “
productivity” software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology
designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.

　　both apps, however, were later scrapped, after microsoft said it had used
their best features in its own products. their teams of engineers stayed on,
making them two of the many “acqui-hires” that the biggest companies have used
to feed their insatiable改为great hunger for tech talent.

　　to microsoft’s critics, the fates of wunderlist and sunrise are examples of
a remorseless drive by big tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in
their path. “ they bought the seedlings and closed them down,” complained paul
arnold, a partner at san francisco-based switch ventures, putting paid to
businesses that might one day turn into competitors. microsoft declined to
comment.

　　like other start-up investors, mr arnold’s own business often depends on
selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings
about the result: “ i think these things are good for me, if i put my selfish
hat on. but are they good for the american economy? i don’t know.”

　　the us federal trade commission says it wants to find the answer to that
question. this week, it asked the five most valuable us tech companies for
information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. although
only a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of
regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond
their reach.

　　given their combined market value of more than $5.5tn原版本也错了, rifling
through such small deals—many of them much less prominent than wunderlist and
sunrise—might seem beside the point. between them, the five companies(apple,
microsoft, google, amazon and facebook) have spent an average of only $3.4bn a
year on sub-$1bn acquisitions over the past five years—a drop in the ocean
compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than $130bn of
venture capital that was invested in the us last year.

　　however, critics say that the big companies use such deals to buy their
most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to
gain momentum, in some cases as part of a “buy and kill” tactic to simply close
them down.

　　31. what is true about wuderlist and sunrise after their acquisitions?

　　a. their market values declined.

　　b. their tech features improved.

　　c. their engineers were retained.

　　d. their products were re-priced.

　　32. microsoft’s critics believe that the big tech companies tend to___

　　a. ignore public options

　　b. treat new tech talent unfairly

　　c. exaggerate their product quality

　　d. eliminate their potential competitors

　　33. paul arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might___

　　a. harm the national economy

　　b. worsen market competition

　　c. discourage start-up investors

　　d. weaken big tech companies

　　34. the us federal trade commission intend to___

　　a. examine small acquisitions

　　b. limit big tech’s expansion

　　c. supervise start-ups operations

　　d. encourage research collaboration

　　35. for the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisition have
___

　　a. brought little financial pressure

　　b. raised few management challenges

　　c. set an example for future deals

　　d. generate considerable profits

　　【正确答案】31. c32.d 33.a34. a35. a

　　【解析】

　　32.
判断题。本题的题干关键词为两款软件的名称，同时需要注意题中时间为企业兼并后。第一段首句提出2015年微软收购了两款任务管理应用，并说明了这种兼并活动所产生的影响，以及微软自身办公软件的市场主导地位等。根据题干关键词要求，我们应该定位在第二段首句转折后的both
apps(两款软件)，本句表示这两款软件在微软将它们的最优性能应用在自身产品后便被废弃了，接着本段第二句提到它们的工程师团队都留下来了。故选c它们的工程师都被保留下来。干扰排除:根据原文，选项a和选项d均属于无中生有项;选项b中提到的技术特征得以改善可根据第二段第一句判断，得出语义相矛盾，故排除。

　　33. 事实细节题。本题关键词为microsoft’s critics和big tech
companies，由此可定位至第三段第一句。本句表示，对微软的批评者们而言，这两款软件的命运就是大型科技公司无情地蚕食那些阻碍它们发展道路的创新型公司的典型案例。故选项d消灭它们的潜在竞争者为正确答案。干扰排除:根据原文，选项a，b,c均属于无中生有项，故排除。

　　34. 事实细节题。根据本题关键词paul arnold和small
acquisitions可定位至第四段，本段表示阿诺德先生自己的产业往往依靠于向大型科技企业出售初创公司，并说明他对这种方式有着很复杂的情感:一是如果他能自私一些，那这对他自身而言是个好事儿，可对经济而言是喜是忧他自己也不清楚。故选项a可能伤害到国家经济为正确答案。干扰排除:根据原文，选项b属于无中生有项，故排除;选项c在原文中提到的出售初创公司，并不涉及这类公司的投资者，故排除;选项d表示削弱了大型科技公司的力量，和第四段语义矛盾，原文表示对阿诺德自身的大公司就是件好事，故排除。

　　35. 事实细节题。本题题干关键词为us federal trade
commission，我们可以定位到第五段。根据第一句，美国联邦贸易委员会说它想要寻找这个问题的答案，即承接上段提出的问题，探究小型兼并活动是否会伤害国家经济，故选a调查小型兼并活动。且本段第二句进一步说明，本周它要求五家最有价值的美国科技公司提供过去十年间的小型兼并信息，同样验证选项a为正确选项。干扰排除:选项b，由原文可知，委员会仅要求大型科技公司提供兼并信息，并非约束其扩张，故排除;选项c和选项d均为无中生有项，故排除。

　　36.
事实细节题。根据题干关键词可定位到第六段第二句。在过去五年，这几家企业每年平均仅花费34亿美元用于10亿美元以下的收购项目——和它们巨额的财务储备相比，这只是九牛一毛，故应该选a几乎没有带来财务压力。干扰排除:选项b，由原文可知为无中生有项，故排除;选项c定位在全文最后一段，批评者们说大公司利用这样的交易来收购他们最具威胁性的潜在竞争对手，并非树立起未来交易的范例，故排除;选项d，原文虽然提及多处金额数字，但均为投资和财务储备金额并非指盈利，故排除。

　　text 4

　　we’ re fairly good at judging people based on first impression, thin slices
of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and
deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. in one study of the
ability she called”thin slicing,” the late psychologist nalini ambady asked
participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the
instructor’s overall effectiveness. their ratings correlated strongly with
students’ end-of-semester ratings. another set of participants had to count
backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their
conscious working memory. their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the
intuitive nature of the social processing.

　　critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons
for their judgment, before giving the rating. accuracy dropped dramatically.
ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues,
such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex
interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. she found similar
interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and
judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.

　　other research shows we’ re better at detecting deceptionfrom thin slices
when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. “it’ s as if you’ re driving a
stick shift,” says judith hall, a psychologist at northeastern university, “and
if you start thinking about it too much, you can’ t remember what you’ re doing.
but if you go on automatic pilot, you’ re fine. much of our social life is like
that.”

　　thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. college
students’ ratings of strawberry jams and college course aligned better with
experts’ opinions when the students weren’t asked to analyze their rationale.
and people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more
personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on
details, but only if the decision was complex-when they had a lot of information
to process.

　　intuition’ s special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. in
one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that
tapped reflective thinking (discerning rule comprehending vocabulary) and four
that tapped intuition an creativity (generating new products or figures of
speech). then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition ( “gut
feelings,””hunches,””my heart” ). use of their gut hurt their performance on the
first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. sometimes the heart
is smarter than the head.

　　36. nalini ambaby’ s study deals with

　　a. instructor student interaction

　　b. the power of people’ s memory

　　c. the reliability of first impressions

　　d.people’ s ability to influence others

　　37. in ambaby’s study, rating accuracy dropped when participants .

　　a.gave the rating in limited time

　　c.watched shorter video clips

　　b.focused on specific details

　　d. discussed with on another

　　38. judith hall mentions driving to mention that .

　　a.memory can be selective

　　b. reflection can be distracting

　　c. social skills must be cultivated

　　d. deception is difficult to detect

　　39. when you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to .

　　a.follow your feelings

　　b. list your preferences

　　c. seek expert advice

　　d.collect enough data

　　40. what can we learn from the last paragraph?

　　a. generating mew products takes time.

　　b. intuition may affect reflective tasks.

　　c. vocabulary comprehension needs creativity.

　　d. objective thinking may boost intuitiveness.

　　【正确答案】36. c37. b38. b39. a40. b

　　【解析】

　　36. 事实细节题。根据题干关键词nalini ambady’ s
study可定位到本文第一段，本段首句提出了研究背景，即人们善于根据第一印象来判断一个人。接着艾姆贝迪在研究中将参与者分成两组，分别测试它们在不同情况下对于教员的总体工作效率的评价。本段最后一句得出结论，参与者的评价都一样准确，体现出了社交过程中的直觉本能，也就是指开篇提及的第一印象很准确，故应该选c第一印象的可靠性。干扰排除:选项a，根据本段第三句可知，研究过程中参与者对教员的评估和学生期末的评分有关，但并不涉及与学生之间的互动，故排除;选项b根据第四句中另一组实验内容可判断，研究参与者在观看视频片段的同时从1000倒数到9，这样会占据他们有意识的工作记忆，而本实验并非专门研究人们记忆力的力量，这只是附带的影响，故排除;选项d，原文并未提到，属于无中生有项，故排除。

　　37.
事实细节题。靠题干关键词可定位到第二段第二三句。第二句内容均为题干信息，随后第三句提出之所以评价准确度下降，是因为让他们刻意地去关注了这些虽然生动但具有误导性的线索，而不是由复杂的细节信号来构成整体印象，由此可判断应该选c关注细节信息。干扰排除:选项a，原文中提到的各个时间均为给研究对象们观看视频的时长，并非对评估进行时间限制，故排除;选项b表示观看更短的视频，根据本段第四句可知视频时长由原来的10秒延长到了15秒，所以与选项中的更短相矛盾，故排除;选项d，原文并未提及，故排除。

　　38.
例证题。靠题干关键词可定位到第三段第三句。根据例证解题瞻前顾后的思路，本段第一句应为举例论证的观点句，即另一项研究表明，当我们依赖于直觉而不进行思考时，我们往往更善于从细微的细节中识破骗局或辨识一个人的性取向，由此可判断应该选b思考可能让人分心。选项a记忆可能是有选择性的，原文中例子本身提到如果人们思考太多可能会导致记不住自己所作的事情，为就事论事的选项，故排除;选项c在本段尾句提出许多社会生活就是如此，与社交技能无关，故排除;选项d骗局很难被识别，与本段第一句相悖，故排除。

　　39. 事实细节题。根据题干关键词making complex
decisions可定位到第四段尾句。当让人们关注于自身的感受而不在意细节时，他们往往能做出既客观又令自己满意的购车决定，但这种情况只发生在需要做复杂决定而且有大量信息需要处理的条件下，故选a跟随你的感觉。干扰排除:选项b列出你的偏好，定位在本段第一句，说道过度思考也可能有损我们形成偏好的能力，选项偷换了原文主干谓语信息，故排除;选项c属于无中生有项，故排除;选项d收集足够的数据，在本段尾句的破折号之后，是指建议可行的前提条件，并非建议本身，故排除。

　　40.
段落推理题。段的首句表示，直觉的特殊力量只有在特定的情况下才会被释放出来;同时尾句进一步肯定首句观点并指出，有时候内心比头脑更聪明，由此可知本段阐述的是直觉在处理思考型任务过程中的优势，故应该选b直觉可能影响思考型任务。干扰排除:选项a和选项c均为本段第二句中括号中提到的一项研究的具体内容，并非本段提出的论点句，故排除;选项d在原文没有体现，故排除。

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