高考考研英语语法之形容词与副词篇

第五章形容词与副词





形容词用来修饰名词。说明事物的性质、特征、状态。主要作定、表、补，偶尔作 状语（详见视频）。





副词用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等，也可以修饰名词和整个句子。说明的是时 间、地点、方式、因果、条件、目的、状态等。主要作状语，有时也作定语、表语。





一、 形容词的分类





?中心形容词vs补语形容词





中心形容词既可以作定语，又能作表语；





补语形容词只能作补语/表语，如well, ill, alone, alike, asleep, alive, afraid等。（以a 开头的形容词一般都是补语形容词）





the red flower is beautiful.





the beautiful flower is red.





it is utter nonsense.





he is asleep.





?静态形容词vs动态形容词





静态形容词描写人物的静态特征，如tall, short, big, ugly, pretty, white等。不可用于 be xx





动态形容词有动作含义，如 careful, ambitious, gentle, friendly, helpful, patient, tidy 等。可用于be xx





be careful! be gentle! be patient!





be beautiful? be short? be white?





?等级形容词vs非等级形容词





等级形容词有比较、最高级。例如：good, better, best





非等级形容词不用于比较级。例如：french food, atomic scientist, superior, inferior, perfect, excellent, extreme, vital





二、 形容词位置





形容词一般前置，修饰不定代词时后置：





it was a rainy day, and something important happened.





多个定语并列，可不用and,但必须按照特定顺序一一县官行令谢国才





a nice long new red chinese plastic pen





三、 形容词特殊用法





形容词+介词短语：be afraid of, be accustomed to, be content with, be dependent un, be good at, be famous fbr_? be sick of, be worthy of, be true to…





形容词 + 不定式：be glad to, be impossible to, be disappointed to, be anxious to…





四、 副词的分类





? 方式副词：angrily, happily, politely, coldly, warmly, quickly





? 程度副词：almost, awfully, completely, considerably, greatly, hardly





? 时间副词：already, before, early, late, finally, today, yesterday





? 频率副词：always, constantly, hardly, ever, never, often, rarely, seldom





? 地点副词：above, below, up, down, here, there, home





? 连接副词：therefore, however, moreover, thus





?解说副词：as, namely





五、 副词的用法





副词主要用来作状语，位置较灵活。副词一般修饰v、adj> adv,偶尔也修饰別的 词汇：





?修饰介词和连词（well, right, just等）





the house is right in front of you.





?修饰名词 （quite, rather, just 等）





it takes quite some time.





fm just a teacher.





六、 双形副词辨析





clean （全然）一cleanly （干净地）





high （高地）—highly （高度地）





direct （径直）一directly （直接）





clear （一直）一clearly （清晰地）





just （仅仅）一justly （公正地）





most （大部分）一mostly （大体上讲）





hard （努力地，用力地，尽情地）一hardly （几乎不）





七、比较等级





形容词与副词的最重要考点就是比较等级。





?变化规则





单音节词后+er, est





重读闭音节，双写尾字母+er, est





不发音的e结尾，+r, st





辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+er, est





双音节或多音节词，前面加more, most





?个别不规则变化





good/well-better-best, bad-worse, worst, little-less-least, much/many-more-most





? the的使用





最高级前一般需要加定冠词the,若没有the,则无“最高”含义，只表示





“很……”





you are the most beautiful lady i’ve ever seen.（有最高级含义）





we spent a most happy day there.（无最高级含义，表示“彳艮”）





比较级前一般不需要加the,但是如果表示确定的两者间“更…的那一个”，需要 加the





i am taller than him.（单纯比较，不加 the）





tom is the taller of the two brothers.（确定的两者间tom是更高的拿一个，需要加 the）





?等量比较





比较主体不同，项目相同：a + v + as adjl/advl as + b （ + v + adjl/advl）





tom runs as fast as jim （runs fast）.





比较主体相同，项目不同：a + v + as adjl/advl as + a + v + adj2/adv2





tom is as clever as he is handsome.





比较主体和项目都不同：a + v + as adjl/advl as + b + v + adj2/adv2





tom runs as fast as jim walks.





?比较级比较





a + v +比较级than + b + （句子）





tom runs faster than jim.





?比较级表示倍数





a + v +倍数+比较级+ than + b + (句子)=a + is +倍数+ the名词of b





this room is three times larger than that room.





this room is three times the size of that room.





?比较级否定考点





① not more than (单纯比较)vs. no more (情感含义)





he is not wiser than she.





he is no wiser than she.





② cannot +比较级=最高级





i cannot agree more!





练习





1. the shorter the text is_, the (easy) it is to remember.





2. jim and tom are brothers,



and jim is the (tall) of the two.





3. there is work to do, so i’m tired, (much too, too much)





4. she spoke (high) of tom in the meeting.





5. the train goes (direct) to beijing.





6. but his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.